|
Hot Jupiters (also called roaster planets, epistellar jovians, pegasids or pegasean planets) are a class of extrasolar planets whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close〔(Flipping Hot Jupiters : Northwestern University Newscenter )〕—between approximately —to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the Sun) at , causing low surface temperatures. One of the best-known hot Jupiters is 51 Pegasi b, nicknamed ''Bellerophon''. Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star. 51 Pegasi b has an orbital period of about 4 days. == General characteristics == Hot Jupiters have some common characteristics: *They have similar characteristics to Jupiter (gas giants, usually with masses close to or exceeding that of Jupiter, which is ); however, they orbit much more closely to the star and experience a high surface temperature.〔 *They have a much greater chance of transiting their star as seen from a farther outlying point than planets of the same mass in larger orbits. The most notable of these are HD 209458 b, the first transiting hot Jupiter found, HD 189733 b, which was first mapped in 2007 by the Spitzer Space Telescope, and HAT-P-7b, which was recently observed by the Kepler mission. *Due to high levels of insolation they are of a lower density than they would otherwise be. This has implications for radius determination, because due to limb darkening of the planet's background star during a transit, the planet's ingress and egress boundaries are harder to determine. *They are all thought to have migrated to their present positions because there would not have been enough material so close to the star for a planet of that mass to have formed ''in situ''. *Most of these have nearly circular orbits (low eccentricities). This is because their orbits have been circularized, or are being circularized, by tides. *They exhibit high-speed winds distributing the heat from the day side to the night side, thus the temperature difference between the two sides is relatively low. *They are more common around F- and G-type stars and somewhat less common around K-type stars. Hot Jupiters around red dwarfs are very rare.〔( Characterizing the Cool KOIs II. The M Dwarf KOI-254 and its Hot Jupiter ): John Asher Johnson, J. Zachary Gazak, Kevin Apps, Philip S. Muirhead, Justin R. Crepp, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Tabetha Boyajian, Kaspar von Braun, Barbara Rojas-Ayala, Andrew W. Howard, Kevin R. Covey, Everett Schlawin, Katherine Hamren, Timothy D. Morton, James P. Lloyd〕 Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method, because the oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion are relatively large and rapid, compared to other known types of planets. They are thought to form at a distance from the star beyond the frost line, where the planet can form from rock, ice and gases. The planets then migrate inwards to the star where they eventually form a stable orbit. The planets usually move by type 2 migrations, or possibly via interaction with other planets. The migration happens during the solar nebula phase, and will typically stop when the star enters its T-Tauri phase. The strong stellar winds at this time remove most of the remaining nebula. After their atmospheres and outer layers are stripped away (hydrodynamic escape), their cores may become chthonian planets. The amount of the outermost layers that is lost depends on the size and the material of the planet and the distance from the star. In a typical system a gas giant orbiting 0.02 AU around its parent star loses 5–7% of its mass during its lifetime, but orbiting closer than 0.015 AU can mean evaporation of the whole planet except for its core.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】title=Exoplanets Exposed to the Core )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hot Jupiter」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|